silk fabrics

The Silk Association of Great Britain and Ireland, Inc., has formulated the following definitions of " Silks ": - (1) Silk means the natural product of the silkworm, whether net, spun, or schappe silk. (2) Woven or knitted textiles and articles made therefrom. Silk goods may only be so called if they contain no other fibre than silk. They may be further qualified as pure silk goods if they contain no tin weighting and no added weight of any kind other than that which is an essential part of dyeing and finishing. (3) The word silk may be used for articles containing silk and other fibres provided it is clearly qualified, as for example, silk warp taffeta, silk warp poplin, silk pile velvet, silk mixture, silk union, etc. (4) Smallwares, certain smallwares containing silks in combination with other fibres (such as Paris bindings, gimps, eyeglass cords, etc.), have been by long established custom known as "silks." Only where there is a clear long established custom may they continue to be described as silk, otherwise the general principles set forth above will apply. The more generally known silk fabrics are as given below: - Armures - Barathea, Loisine, Natte, Ottoman, Roy ale. Repp. Figured Silks - Arras, Broche, Brocatelle, Brocades, Chevron, Chine warp prints. Cote-line, Damassin, Foulard, Lampas, Matelasse, Striped tabaret. Satins - Duchesse, Meteor, Mervelleux, Peau de Soie, Radyimar, Raadames, Radium, Satin mousseline. Satin messaline. Satin lus-mineaux. Satin charmeuse. Satin de Lyon, Satin chine. Satin lumiere, Soleil, Soie de Devil. Twills - Serge, Surah, Sarcenat. Velvet, or pile weaves - Terry velvet frese, Utrecht, Velours de nord. Velours de chiffon, Velours de sabre. Silk warp, wool weft - Bengaline, Cotele, Crepon, Irish poplin, Popeline, Poplinette, Sultane, Sicilienne, Velours Victoria, Veloa-tine. Silk warp, cotton weft - Moirette, Polonaise, Satins, Satinet, Striped linings. Taffetas, plain weaves - Bengaline de Soie, Epingle, Faille Francaise, Glace, Gros grain, Gros de Tours, Gros de Naples, Gros de Suez, Lustring, Pongee, Poult de Soie, Royale, Tabaret, Taffeta mousseline. Taffeta chiffon. Crepe de chine, Ninon, tulle, voile, Marquisette, Moire onde. Moire Faconne, Moire Francaise, Moire Antique.

A process of adding adulterous weight to silk fabrics by steeping the material in a fairly concentrated aqueous solution of stannic chloride which the silk absorbs very readily. After a rinsing in water the silk is treated in a dilute solution of disodium phosphate to fix the tin: Finally the silk is treated with sodium silicate which fixes the tin even more securely and also adds a little weight. Tin-weighted silk is not as durable as pure silk as the stannic chloride gradually reduces the strength of the silk it is applied to. By repetition of the process 100 per cent of weighting can easily be obtained.

Silk is the most beautiful and the strongest of the natural fibres. It is produced by the silkworms of the moth family Bombycidae, the most prolific of which is the Bombyx mori. The cultivation of the silkworm and the manufacture of silk originated in China about 2500 b.c., but Japan is now the world's chief exporter, producing more than twice as much as China, while Italy produces about half as much as China. The female Bombyx mori lays about 700 eggs of which about 35,000 are required to make one ounce. This will produce about 20,000 silkworms yielding 130-lb. to 140-lb. of cocoons from which about 12-lb. of raw silk can be reeled. This number of silkworms consumes about one ton of mulberry leaves. The average length of thread in a cocoon is 1500 yards, of which only 400 yards to 1000 yards can be reeled. The filaments exuded by the silkworm are double and 8 to 12 filaments are reeled together to make one thread (see Silk Fabrics)

1. [sılk] n 2. [sılk] a

I [silk] n II [silk] a

I [silk] n II [silk] a

Silk yarns are composed of a number of silk filaments twisted together, usually 8 to 12 to form a thread. The filaments have a natural coating of gum which gives strength and elasticity, but reduces lustre. The gum must be boiled off if lustre is wanted, which may be done either in the yarn state or when woven in cloth. Silk yarns are divided into two classes, " thrown silk" and " spun silk," the first being yarns that are made by the processes of reeling and throwing, and the second consisting of yarns spun from waste silk. Thrown Silk, or Net Silk comprises organzine and tram yarns, organzine being made from the most perfect cocoons and used for warps. Tram is made from the inferior cocoons and used as weft. All silk contains a proportion of natural gum, and the amount of gum removed give rise to the following terms: - Boiled-off Silk - Yarn which has had all the gum removed, and has the highest sheen (see Boiled-off). Hard Silk - Yarn that has not undergone any boiling-off process. Ecru Silk - Yarn boiled to remove about 3 per cent to 5 per cent of the gum by light washing in lukewarm water. Souple Silk - Yarn boiled to remove about one-sixth of the gum. Bengal Silk - See Bengal Silk. Berlin Silk - A silk yarn made for fancy hand work. It is produced by doubling from 4 to 8 twisted singles grege by a right-hand twist; then again doubling three of these with a left-hand twist. The thread is very round, smooth, and hard, also known as cordon-net. Blond Silk - A special silk yarn made by doubling three grege threads left-hand twist, then doubling three of these together with right-hand twist. Brights - Silk which has been entirely de-gummed in the skein and then dyed. Bourette, Bourrette Yarn - A low grade of silk yarn made from the waste produced by schappe spinning. Canton Silk - See Canton Silk. Chiffon Twist - Single raw silk threads, 50 or more turns per inch. Used for chiffons, crepe-de-chines, etc. Crepe-de-Chine - Hard twist tram silk, about 40 to 70 turns per inch. Made from 3 to 5 raw silk ends. Usually woven as weft. Crepe Georgette - Hard twist raw silk usually made from two threads 13/15 deniers, 50 or more turns, both right and left twist, used for crepe georgettes as warp and weft. Crepe Twist - This is tram silk hard twisted, having from 30 to 100 turns per inch. Used for making fabrics of a crepe character both all silk and mixtures. Cordonnet Silk - See Berlin Silk; also under Cordonnet. Eri Silk - A raw silk obtained from the wild silkworm " Attacus ricini." Flock Silk - A general term used to indicate silk yarns made from the outer uneven parts of the cocoon. Floss Silk - Used principally for embroidery purposes. It is a thrown silk and made by doubling two thick raw singles with right-hand twist together with a left-hand twist. Galette Silk - A coarse silk yarn made from waste. Grenadine Silk - Organzine silk with a large number of turns per inch. Jaspe Silk - Silk warps printed in the hank. Ombre Silk - Skein dyed yarn in a gradation of shades, which run in sequence of depth of colour, varying from five up to forty shades. Schappe Silk - A spun silk yarn which is made from silk degummed by the maceration process used on the Continent (see Schappe Silk). Soie Ondee - See Soie Ondee. Silk Yarns - In addition to the foregoing yarns see under the following terms for further silk yarns: - Cable, Cevennes, Chappe, Chine, Clochepeid, Crocheting, Crue (see Ecru), Cuite Cusier, Cusirino, Degummed, Docken, Doup-pion. Ecru, Embroidery, Etschingo, Filature, Filature a 1'Europeune, Filet, Florette, Fringe, Goffered, Grege, Gum Hainin, Hard, Kahing, Knitting, Lousy, Marabout, Maybasch, Melange, Mele, Mi-cuit, Minchcw, Nett, Noil, Organzine, Ouvrees, Oval, Pearlina, Pel, Pelo, Poie, Pure dye Silk, Raw (see Grege), Re-reels, Retorse, Senegal, Sewing, Simonita, Soft Singles, Soie Ondee, Souple, Spun, Steeped, Strafilato, Stumba, Thrown, Tors San File, Tram, Tramette, Tsatlees, Tussah, Twist, Washed, Zaguri.

sɪlk
1. сущ.
1) шелк soft as silk ≈ мягкий как шелк to trade in silk ≈ торговать шелком fine silk ≈ тонкий шелк raw silk ≈ шелк-сырец acetate silk ≈ ацетатный шелк natural silk, pure silk, real silk ≈ натуральный шелк artificial silk, fibre silk, synthetic silk ≈ искусственный шелк China silk ≈ крепдешин transparent silk ≈ прозрачный шелк chatoyant silk, shot silk ≈ переливчатый шелк, шанжан plain silk ≈ гладкий шелк glossy silk ≈ блестящий шелк the swish of silk ≈ шуршание шелка silk weaving ≈ шелкоткачество silk culture, silk farming, silk raising ≈ шелководство
2) а) шелковая нить, шелковая пряжа б) мн. шелковые нитки
3) а) мн. женская одежда из шелка б) мн. шелковые чулки в) цилиндр (головной убор) Syn: silk hat г) шелковая мантия королевских адвокатов Syn: a silk gown
4) амер.;
авиац.;
сл. парашют to hit the silk ≈ прыгать с парашютом
5) разг. королевский адвокат to take silk ≈ стать королевским адвокатом dispute between silk and ermine ≈ спор между адвокатом и судьей
6) амер. шелковистые нитевидные пестики початков неспелой кукурузы
2. прил. шелковый silk thread ≈ шелковая нить silk filament ≈ шелковое волокно silk sewing ≈ шелковые нитки silk tiers ≈ шелковые ленты silk stockings ≈ шелковые чулки silk cloth ≈ шелковая ткань silk dresses ≈ шелковые платья - silk hat
3. гл.;
амер.
1) удалять шелковистые нитевидные пестики початков неспелой кукурузы
2) выпускать шелковистые нитевидные пестики (на початках неспелой кукурузы) шелк, шелковая ткань (тж. * goods, * fabrics) - artificial * искусственный шелк - the picture is painted on * картина написана на шелке шелковое волокно;
шелковая нить, пряжа - raw * шелк-сырец - thrown * крученый натуральный шелк шелковый товар, шелка шелка, шелковые одежды - dressed in *s and satins разодетый в шелка;
в пышных одеждах шелковые чулки шелковое платье;
предмет одежды, сшитый из шелка - she wore a black * она была в черном шелковом платье мантия королевского адвоката звание королевского адвоката - to take * стать королевским адвокатом костюм жокея, акробата, борца блеск (некоторых видов сапфира и рубина) (американизм) (сельскохозяйственное) "шелк" (совокупность пестиков в початке кукурузы) (военное) (разговорное) парашют - to hit the * прыгать с парашютом шелковый - * scarf шелковый шарф - * paper папиросная бумага;
шелковая бумага sewing ~ крученые шелковые нитки silk разг. королевский адвокат;
to take silk стать королевским адвокатом ~ шелк ~ pl шелковые нитки ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) ~ шелковый;
silk hat цилиндр;
silk stocking шелковый чулок (ср. тж. silkstocking) silk разг. королевский адвокат;
to take silk стать королевским адвокатом take ~ становиться королевским адвокатом

A general trade term for silk fabrics of more than 18-in. widths. ———————— A general trade term for silk goods of more than 18-in. width.

A semifinished product for the manufacture of silk fabrics dyed in the yarn. The process of brightening is intended to increase the lustre and scroop of the silk.

(1) The silk produced from the Bombyx silkworms, said to have been introduced into Corinth and other towns in Eastern Europe under the auspices of the Emperor Justinian. (2) Silk fabrics woven in the Levant.

A defect in either silk yarns or silk fabrics, and applies to the light-coloured specks on the surface caused by the fibres splitting and curling up.

Silk fabrics described as " Macclesfield Silks " are only correctly described when that term is applied to goods actually woven in Macclesfield.

Pliny mentions the fact that the women of Cos were in the habit of undoing the silk cloths imported into the Island, and reweaving the silk threads into other fabrics. These fabrics, or the Coan robes, as they were frequently designated, possessed a texture as transparent as that of the Dacca muslins. This method was done because the rulers of Assam and ancient China prohibited the export of silk thread, but permitted woven fabrics to be sent out of the country.

These are silk yarns mainly used for warps. Care is taken not to give too much twist, since the twisting reduces the lustre. Organzine is produced by slightly twisting together several filaments, and then twisting two or more such singles together to form the required yarn. The first is Z twist, the doubling is S twist. The turns vary from 9 up to 30 per inch according to the fabrics the yarn is to be used for. Satins require a fairly soft twist of 10 to 11 turns, yarn for velvet about 15 to 20, and grenadines, voiles, etc., up to 30. Organzine was first produced in Italy and not till 1718 did English silk spinners make a silk strong enough for warp (see silk yarns)